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Sugar Causes Diabetes

Filed under: Diabetes

Sugar Causes Diabetes

Diabetes is when there is too much sugar in the blood, or when people are hyperglycemic as a permanent condition. Diabetes can be type 1, type 2, or other less common forms.

Sugar Causes Diabetes Overview

Many Americans suffer from some form of diabetes. More than 6% of the American population has one type of diabetes, with an estimated 1.8 million suffering from type 1 diabetes and 16-17 million suffering from type 2 diabetes. Regulating the amount of sugar in the diet are important in managing diabetes.

Sugar Causes Diabetes Discussion

Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence to suggest that sugar causes diabetes. Most people think that sugars effect how fast glucose can get into the blood, but in fact, this is not true.

Type 1 diabetes is generally discovered in childhood, and is usually related to genetics, but in general, researchers do not exactly know why people get type 1 diabetes. However, there is no particular way to “contract” type 1 diabetes, it is generally a condition that people are born with and is discovered during childhood.

The reason people tend to thing sugar causes diabetes is because type 2 diabetes is caused by obesity. Consuming too much sugar can cause weight gain and a unhealthier lifestyle, which can in turn lead to type 2 diabetes. Thus, sugar is not a direct cause, but leading an unhealthy lifestyle by consuming too much sugar and other foods that have little nutritional value and contribute to obesity can cause diabetes. The best way to prevent type 2 diabetes, which generally occurs during adulthood, is to exercise regularly and eat a healthy diet to avoid obesity. The healthier your body, the less likely you are to become diabetic as you age. Thus, obesity is one cause of diabetes, and the idea that sugar causes diabetes is completely false.

Touchette, N. (2005). American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association.

Permanent Diabetes Cure

Filed under: Diabetes

Permanent Diabetes Cure

Type 1 diabetes, also called insulin-dependent diabetes, and previously known as juvenile onset diabetes, is the type of diabetes that happens generally before age 40. Type 2 diabetes, previously known as adult onset diabetes, tends to present itself after age 40.

Permanent Diabetes Cure Overview

Many Americans suffer from some form of diabetes. More than 6% of the American population has one type of diabetes, with an estimated 1.8 million suffering from type 1 diabetes and 16-17 million suffering from type 2 diabetes.

Permanent Diabetes Cure Discussion

There is no known permanent diabetes cure, though researchers have been looking for a cure for years. Insulin, first used to treat type 1 diabetes in the early 1900s, remains the primary way to treat type 1 diabetes today. In those with type 1 diabetes, “the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by autoimmune processes” meaning that there is little to no insulin produced in the body. Insulin exists in our bodies to help us to convert sugar to energy (Sauder, 19). Thus, those with type 1 diabetes need insulin to insure their body can create energy from the food they eat. Insulin is generally released after a meal as the body tries absorbs carbohydrates from the meal. When a person has no insulin to release, sugar cannot leave the bloodstream and enter cells to be used as fuel. This is why blood sugar is so important to people who have diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a little different. When someone has type 2 diabetes, it means that their body either produces insulin but it cannot use it properly, or that their body does not produce enough insulin. The first treatment for type 2 diabetes is usually diet and exercise. In some cases, diet and exercise can relive type 2 diabetes symptoms, in a way “curing” them, and that is why diet and exercise are the first treatment. If a healthy lifestyle does not resolve the problems, medication may be taken later. There is no specific permanent diabetes cure for type 2 diabetes, but symptoms may go away or resolve on their own with a healthy lifestyle.

Scientists and doctors have been trying find a permanent diabetes cure since the full ramifications and cause of the disease was discovered in the early 1900s. One organization that is trying to find a permanent diabetes cure is the Diabetes Research Institute. This organization is dedicated to discovering new treatment and finding a cure to diabetes I. One promising procedure is islet transplantation. In this procedure, the cells used to normalize blood sugar are replaced because they have been lost due to diabetes. One type of islet cells are beta cells, those cells that are pivotal in diabetes. The Diabetes Research Institute has reversed diabetes in several people, though they stop short of calling islet transplantation a permanent diabetes cure.

Diabetes Research Institute. (2007). Research. Retrieved June 21, 2007 from http://www.diabetesresearch.org/Research/ResearchMain.htm.

Diabetes Research Institute. (2007). Research: Islet transplantation. Retrieved June 21, 2007 from http://www.diabetesresearch.org/Research/IsletTransplantation/.

Sauder, C.D.; Rubin, R.R., & Shump, C.S. (1997). The Johns Hopkins Guide to Diabetes for Today and Tomorrow. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Touchette, N. (2005). American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association.

New Diabetes Cure

Filed under: Diabetes

New Diabetes Cure

Type 1 diabetes, also called insulin-dependent diabetes, and previously known as juvenile onset diabetes, is the type of diabetes that happens generally before age 40. Type 2 diabetes, previously known as adult onset diabetes, tends to present itself after age 40.

New Diabetes Cure Overview

.Many Americans suffer from some form of diabetes. More than 6% of the American population has one type of diabetes, with an estimated 1.8 million suffering from type 1 diabetes and 16-17 million suffering from type 2 diabetes.

New Diabetes Cure Discussion

There is no known way to cure diabetes, but there are many treatments. Researchers have been looking for a cure for years. Type 1 diabetes can be managed. Insulin, first used to treat type 1 diabetes in the early 1900s, remains the primary treatment of type 1 diabetes today. In those with type 1 diabetes, “the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by autoimmune processes” meaning that there is little to no insulin produced in the body. Insulin exists in our bodies to help us to convert sugar to energy (Sauder, 19). Thus, those with type 1 diabetes, diabetics need insulin to ensure their body can create energy from the food they eat. Insulin is generally released after a meal as the body tries absorbs carbohydrates from the meal. When a person has no insulin to release, sugar cannot leave the bloodstream and enter cells to be used as fuel. This is why blood sugar is so important to people who have diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a little different, and usually comprises new diabetes cases. When someone has type 2 diabetes, it means that their body either produces insulin but it cannot use it properly, or that their body does not produce enough insulin. The first treatment for type 2 diabetes is usually diet and exercise. In some cases, diet and exercise can relive type 2 diabetes symptoms, in a way “curing” them, and that is why some feel that there is a cure for new cases of diabetes. If a healthy lifestyle does not resolve the problems, medication may be taken later. There is no specific way to cure type 2 diabetes, but symptoms may go away or resolve on their own with a healthy lifestyle thuse providing what seems like a cure for new diabetes cases.

Diabetes Research Institute. (2007). Research. Retrieved June 21, 2007 from http://www.diabetesresearch.org/Research/ResearchMain.htm.

Diabetes Research Institute. (2007). Research: Islet transplantation. Retrieved June 21, 2007 from http://www.diabetesresearch.org/Research/IsletTransplantation/.

Sauder, C.D.; Rubin, R.R., & Shump, C.S. (1997). The Johns Hopkins Guide to Diabetes for Today and Tomorrow. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Touchette, N. (2005). American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association.

Free Diabetes Diabetic Diet

Filed under: Diabetes

Free Diabetes Diabetic Diet

Diabetes is when there is too much sugar in the blood, or when people are hyperglycemic as a permanent condition. Diabetes can be type 1, type 2, or other less common forms.

Free Diabetes Diabetic Diet Overview

Many Americans suffer from some form of diabetes. More than 6% of the American population has one type of diabetes, with an estimated 1.8 million suffering from type 1 diabetes and 16-17 million suffering from type 2 diabetes.

Free Diabetes Diabetic Diet Discussion

Regulating your diet is an important part of managing diabetes. Certain foods, like carbohydrates, cause your blood sugar to rise, while others like alcohol, cause it to drop. It is therefore very important to maintain a healthy diet to keep the blood sugar in the normal range. The America Diabetes Association diabetic diet is not a specific diet, but it is free guidelines for healthy eating for those with diabetes. The American Diabetes Association has published cookbooks and other information on how to manage a diet with diabetes, and much of this information can be accessed for free on their website.

Visiting a dietician is the easiest way to get a meal plan that is tailored for your needs. Thinking of the meal plan as a diet is not a good idea, as diets are really only temporary. Think of it as a meal plan that is applicable for the rest of your life. One of the best ways to eat healthily is variety. You need many food groups to get all the nutrients you need, and so you need to eat a variety of foods. Eating small amounts of foods high in fat and sugar is helpful. Try to avoid unsaturated fat. Eat more beans, meat, eggs, and dairy, but eat the low-fat versions of them. Try to choose the majority of your food from the whole-grain carbohydrate, fruit and vegetables category. These have many nutrients to help your body stay healthy. You can consume sugar and alcohol, but you must do so in moderation. A free diabetes diabetic diet is easy to discover by contacting the American Diabetes Association or doing some more research in you local library or on the Internet.

Touchette, N. (2005). American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association.

Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms

Filed under: Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms

Type 1 diabetes symptoms can manifest themselves in many aspects of a person’s life. It is important to manage weight, eat healthily, and pay attention to your body’s health in order to watch for 1 diabetes signs and symptoms.

Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms Overview

Type 1 diabetes, also called insulin-dependent diabetes, and previously known as juvenile onset diabetes, is the type of diabetes that happens generally before age 40. It typically presents itself in childhood, and must be treated with insulin. Type 1 diabetes symptoms are common issues and can be signs of other diseases as well, so going to the doctor for a physical and an evaluation is the only sure way to know whether or not you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms Discussion

Diabetes symptoms type 1include frequent urination, unusual hunger and thirst, and weight loss, Type 1 diabetes tends to be an inherited condition, but that does not mean you will have a family history of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes symptoms type 1 also include race. Caucasian people are more likely to have type 1 diabetes. Age is one of the most important diabetes symptoms type 1. Type 1 diabetes frequently happens during childhood and usually before age 40.

A few genes are diabetes symptoms type 1. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are a set of genes thought to predispose people to type 1 diabetes. These genes code antigens which are proteins that identify the cells of your body. They tell your immune system not to destroy your cells, and that is how your immune system knows which cells are foreign and when to fight them. Scientists think that some HLAs may incorrectly tag a person’s beta cells as foreign, causing the immune system to destroy the cells that make insulin and causing type 1 diabetes.

There are many variations of the HLA-DR gene, and people inherit one HLA gene from each parent. HLA-DR has the strongest link to diabetes symptoms type 1. 95% of people who have type 1 diabetes have the DR3 form of the HLA-DR gene. Having this form in your genetic makeup does not mean you will get type 1 diabetes, most people stay healthy. But, if your family has a history of type 1 diabetes, screening for this gene may help determine whether you are predisposed to diabetes symptoms type 1.

Sauder, C.D.; Rubin, R.R., & Shump, C.S. (1997). The Johns Hopkins Guide to DIabetes for Today and Tomorrow. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Touchette, N. (2005). American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association.

Type 1 Diabetes Prevention

Filed under: Diabetes — Tags:

Type 1 Diabetes Prevention

Type 1 diabetes is most commonly discovered in children. There is no known cure for type 1 diabetes nor is there any known prevention for type 1 diabetes, but lifelong management of the disease can make it possible to live a relatively normal life.

Type 1 Diabetes Prevention Overview

Diabetes type 1, also called insulin-dependent diabetes, and previously known as juvenile onset diabetes, is the type of diabetes that happens generally before age 40. It typically presents itself in childhood, and must be treated with insulin.

Type 1 Diabetes Prevention Discussion

There is no known sure-fire way to diabetes prevention type 1, but it can be managed. Researchers can test family members to look for a hereditary predisposition to type 1 diabetes, as doctors generally agree that type 1 diabetes has a hereditary cause. Researchers feel that by pinpointing who is likely to develop type 1 diabetes, treatment with insulin or drugs could help to diabetes prevention type 1. There is no current research to suggest this works. Other research has been done to see if immunosuppressants can help with diabetes prevention type 1, but there are no results to suggest this helps prevent it. Other therapies are continually being tested to see if there is any way to diabetes prevention type 1.

Scientists and doctors have been trying to cure or prevent type 1 diabetes since the full ramifications and cause of the disease was discovered in the early 1900s. One organization that is trying to cure type 1 diabetes is the Diabetes Research 1nstitute. This organization is dedicated to discovering new treatment and finding a cure to type 1 diabetes. One promising procedure is islet transplantation. In this procedure, the cells used to normalize blood sugar are replaced because they have been lost due to diabetes. One type of islet cells are beta cells, those cells that are pivotal in type 1 diabetes. The Diabetes Research Institute has reversed diabetes 1 in several people, though they stop short of calling islet transplantation a cure for type 1 diabetes. A cure or diabetes prevention type 1 is constantly being sought, and it is hoped that one day we may achieve a solution.

Diabetes Research Institute. (2007). Research. Retrieved June 21, 2007 from http://www.diabetesresearch.org/Research/ResearchMain.htm.

Diabetes Research Institute. (2007). Research: Islet transplantation. Retrieved June 21, 2007 from http://www.diabetesresearch.org/Research/IsletTransplantation/.

Sauder, C.D.; Rubin, R.R., & Shump, C.S. (1997). The Johns Hopkins Guide to DIabetes for Today and Tomorrow. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Touchette, N. (2005). American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association.

Diabetes Information

Filed under: Diabetes

Diabetes Information

Type 1 diabetes symptoms can manifest themselves in many aspects of a person’s life. It’s important to manage weight, eat healthily, and pay attention to your body’s health in order to watch for type 1 diabetes symptoms. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, while less than 10% have type 1 diabetes. Overall, 18.2 million Americans suffer from type 2 diabetes. Like all types of diabetes, it means there is too much sugar in the blood.

Diabetes Information Overview

Diabetes type 1, also called insulin-dependent diabetes, and previously known as juvenile onset diabetes, is the type of diabetes that happens generally before age 40. It typically presents itself in childhood, and must be treated with insulin. Type 1 diabetes symptoms are common issues and can be signs of other diseases as well, so going to the doctor for a physical and an evaluation is the only sure way to know whether or not you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is typically acquired in people over 40 years old, but recent trends are seeing diagnosis much younger. Heredity is much stronger with type 2 diabetes, so if there is a family history of type 2 diabetes, it can be a significant risk factor.

Diabetes Information Discussion

Some general diabetes information: the main thing to know is that there are two main types and several other types that are less common. Type 1 diabetes symptoms include frequent urination, unusual hunger and thirst, and weight loss, Type 1 diabetes tends to be an inherited condition, but that does not mean you will have a family history of type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes symptoms also include race. Caucasian people are more likely to have type 1 diabetes. Age is one of the most important type 1 diabetes symptoms. Type 1 diabetes frequently happens during childhood and usually before age 40.

There are a few genes that are type 1 diabetes symptoms. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are a set of genes thought to predispose people to type 1 diabetes. These genes code antigens, which are proteins that identify the cells of your body. They tell your immune system not to destroy your cells, and that is how your immune system knows which cells are foreign and when to fight them. Scientists think that some HLAs may incorrectly tag a person’s beta cells as foreign, causing the immune system to destroy the cells that make insulin and causing type 1 diabetes.

There are many variations of the HLA-DR gene, and people inherit one HLA gene from each parent. HLA-DR has the strongest link to type 1 diabetes symptoms. 95% of people who have type 1 diabetes have the DR3 form of the HLA-DR gene. Having this form in your genetic makeup does not mean you will get type 1 diabetes, most people stay healthy. But, if your family has a history of type 1 diabetes, screening for this gene may help determine whether you are predisposed to type 1 diabetes symptoms.

People who have type 2 diabetes do make insulin, unlike those with type 1. The problem is that the cells in their bodies are resistant to the action of the insulin or they may not make enough insulin to keep their bodies healthy. Type 2 diabetes does not generally appear suddenly, but develops over time, and you can experience symptoms for years without knowing the cause. Age, obesity, and lifestyle are the easiest predictor of type 2 diabetes, but family history can also be a predictor. The average person who has type 2 diabetes is older, overweight and has a strong family history of diabetes. Common symptoms are frequent urination and weight loss, both things that can be easily overlooked.

Diet and exercise are usually the first treatments for type 2 diabetes, and medication and insulin may follow later if necessary. People may also experience blood clots, particularly in the legs as a symptom of type 2 diabetes. The best way to prevent type 2 diabetes is to engage in regular exercise and to eat well in order to maintain a healthy weight. Studies have shown that people who exercise regularly and eat regularly have a lower instance of developing type 2 diabetes.

This diabetes information should help you understand the basics, but there is much more to learn. Visit an informational website, speak to your doctor, or read a book on diabetes to learn more basic diabetes information.

Sauder, C.D.; Rubin, R.R., & Shump, C.S. (1997). The Johns Hopkins Guide to Diabetes for Today and Tomorrow. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Touchette, N. (2005). American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association.

Diabetes Food Diet Plan

Filed under: Diabetes

Diabetes Food Diet Plan

Diabetes is when there is too much sugar in the blood, or when people are hyperglycemic as a permanent condition. Diabetes can be type 1, type 2, or other less common forms.

Diabetes Food Diet Plan Overview

Many Americans suffer from some form of diabetes. More than 6% of the American population has one type of diabetes, with an estimated 1.8 million suffering from type 1 diabetes and 16-17 million suffering from type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes Food Diet Plan Discussion

Regulating your diet food plan is an important part of managing diabetes. Certain foods, like carbohydrates, cause your blood sugar to rise, while others like alcohol, cause it to drop. It is therefore very important to maintain a healthy diet to keep the blood sugar in the normal range. The American Diabetes Association recommends a diet plan that emphasizes a variety of foods and that is low in sugar and alcohol intake. The American Diabetes Association has published cookbooks and other information on how to manage a diet with diabetes, and much of this information can be accessed on their website.

Visiting a dietician is the easiest way to get a diet plan with food that is tailored for your needs. Thinking of the diet plan as a restrictive diet is not a good idea, as diets are really only temporary. Think of it as a meal plan that is applicable for the rest of your life. One of the ways to eat healthily is variety. You need many food groups to get all the nutrients you need, and so you need to eat a variety of foods. Eating small amounts of foods high in fat and sugar is helpful. Try to avoid unsaturated fat. Eat more beans, meat, eggs, and dairy, but eat the low-fat versions of them. Try to choose the majority of your food from the whole-grain carbohydrate, fruit and vegetables category. These have many nutrients to help your body stay healthy. You can consume sugar and alcohol, but you must do so in moderation.

The key to a diabetes food diet plan is just to eat in a smart way. Eat lots of the things you know are great for you, like dark, leafy green vegetables, and stay away from things you know are bad, like processed foods and foods high in unsaturated fat. A diabetes food diet plan is not really a diet at all, but rather the guidelines that everyone should follow regarding their eating habits, regardless of whether they have diabetes. Diabetics do need to pay more attention to foods high in sugar or those with alcohol.

Touchette, N. (2005). American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association.

Diabetes Exchange Food Guide

Filed under: Diabetes

Diabetes Exchange Food Guide

Diabetes is when there is too much sugar in the blood, or when people are hyperglycemic as a permanent condition. Diabetes can be type 1, type 2, or other less common forms. Many Americans suffer from some form of diabetes. More than 6% of the American population has one type of diabetes, with an estimated 1.8 million suffering from type 1 diabetes.

Diabetes Exchange Food Guide Overview

The American Diabetes Association offers guidance to the public about diabetes, including diabetes exchange food guide information. Exchange refers to what foods transfer to your body. For example, exchange lists will tell you how many servings of starch or carbohydrates food gives the body.

Diabetes Exchange Food Guide Discussion

“In the exchange system, foods are grouped into basic types — starches, fruits, milk and milk products, meat and meat substitutes, etc. Within each group, you’ll see how much you can eat of various foods for the same amount of calories, carbohydrates and other nutrients. You can exchange or trade foods within a group because they’re similar in nutrient content and the manner in which they affect your blood sugar” (Mayoclinic.com).

Most exchange food guide lists are adapted form guidelines published by The American Diabetes Association. They are available in books, on websites, and form dieticians and health professionals. The lists have recently been reexamined to provide better flexibility when trying to choose foods and they are part of the ADA’s meal planning guidelines. The American Diabetes Association exchange guide lists even include lists for fast food, and most of the recipes the organization publishes in its cookbooks list exchanges. Other tools, like carb count stickers and FlashCarb magnets help those with diabetes keep track of their diet. The Official Pocket Guide to Diabetic Exchanges is one of the more useful exchange lists published. Exchange Lists for Meal Planning is much more comprehensive and allows diabetics to count everything they may eat so they can know how it will affect their bodies.

The American Diabetes Association provides a wealth of information about diabetes exchange and diabetes research on its website or by contacting the organization directly. To view a list of American Diabetes Association exchange guide lists, visit their website.

Mayoclinic.com. (2006). Your diabetes meal plan: Exchange lists. Retrieved July 18, 2007 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diabetes-diet/DA00077

American Diabetes Association. (n.d.) The American diabetes association. Retrieved June 21, 2007 from http://www.diabetes.org/aboutus.jsp?WTLPromo=HEADER_aboutus

Sauder, C.D.; Rubin, R.R., & Shump, C.S. (1997). The Johns Hopkins Guide to Diabetes for Today and Tomorrow. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Touchette, N. (2005). American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association.

Diabetes Exchange Food Guide

Filed under: Diabetes

Diabetes Exchange Food Guide

Diabetes is when there is too much sugar in the blood, or when people are hyperglycemic as a permanent condition. Diabetes can be type 1, type 2, or other less common forms. Many Americans suffer from some form of diabetes. More than 6% of the American population has one type of diabetes, with an estimated 1.8 million suffering from type 1 diabetes.

Diabetes Exchange Food Guide Overview

The American Diabetes Association offers guidance to the public about diabetes, including exchange information. Exchange refers to what foods transfer to your body. For example, exchange lists will tell you how many servings of starch or carbohydrates food gives the body.

Diabetes Exchange Food Guide Discussion

“In the exchange system, foods are grouped into basic types — starches, fruits, milk and milk products, meat and meat substitutes, etc. Within each group, you’ll see how much you can eat of various foods for the same amount of calories, carbohydrates and other nutrients. You can exchange or trade foods within a group because they’re similar in nutrient content and the manner in which they affect your blood sugar” (Mayoclinic.com).

Most exchange lists are adapted form guidelines published by The American Diabetes Association. They are available in books, on websites, and form dieticians and health professionals. The lists have recently been reexamined to provide better flexibility when trying to choose foods and they are part of the ADA’s meal planning guidelines. The American Diabetes Association exchange guide lists even include lists for fast food, and most of the recipes the organization publishes in its cookbooks list exchanges. Other tools, like carb count stickers and FlashCarb magnets help those with diabetes keep track of their diet. The Official Pocket Guide to Diabetic Exchanges is one of the more useful exchange lists published. Exchange Lists for Meal Planning is much more comprehensive and allows diabetics to count everything they may eat so they can know how it will affect their bodies.

The American Diabetes Association provides a wealth of information about diabetes exchange and diabetes research on its website or by contacting the organization directly. To view a list of American Diabetes Association exchange guide lists, visit their website.

Mayoclinic.com. (2006). Your diabetes meal plan: Exchange lists. Retrieved July 18, 2007 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diabetes-diet/DA00077

American Diabetes Association. (n.d.) The American diabetes association. Retrieved June 21, 2007 from http://www.diabetes.org/aboutus.jsp?WTLPromo=HEADER_aboutus

Sauder, C.D.; Rubin, R.R., & Shump, C.S. (1997). The Johns Hopkins Guide to Diabetes for Today and Tomorrow. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Touchette, N. (2005). American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association.

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